青金石
青金石(英文:Lapis lazuli,来源于拉丁语),在中国古代称为璆琳、金精、瑾瑜、青黛等。称为吠努离或璧琉璃。属于七宝之一。《石雅》云:“青金石色相如天,或复金屑散乱,光辉灿烂,若众星丽于天也”。所以中国古代通常用青金石作为上天威严崇高的象征。青金石在选择上以色泽均匀无裂纹,质地细腻有漂亮的金星为佳,如果黄铁矿含量较低,在表面不出现金星也不影响质量。但是如果金星色泽发黑、发暗,或者方解石含量过多在表面形成大面积的白斑,则价值大大降低。
青金石(英文:Lapis lazuli)
青金石展示(9张)是一种较为罕有的宝石,呈蓝色的青金石古器往往甚为珍贵。青金石是方钠石的蓝色变种。青金石色是藏传中药师佛的身色,常戴可保佑平安健康,无病无灾。 我国近代著名的地质学家章鸿钊在《石雅》一书中写到 “青金石色相如天,或复金屑散乱,光辉灿灿,若众星之丽于天也。”故古人尊青金石为“天石”,用于礼天之宝。《清会典图考》中称:“皇帝朝带,其饰天坛用青金石。” 青金石的英文名称为Lapis Lazuli,来自拉丁语Lapis Lazuli,前者意指宝石,后者则指蓝色的(宝石)。其工艺品称“青金”,古称“金碧”、“点黛”或“璧琉璃”。 青金石是一种不透明或半透明的蓝色、蓝紫色或蓝绿色的半宝石。青金石属架状结构硅酸盐中的方钠石族矿物,化学分子式为(Na,Ca)4-8(AlSiO4)6 (SO4,S,Cl)1-2。属等轴晶系。晶体形态呈菱形十二面体,集合体呈致密块状、粒状结构。颜色为深蓝色、紫蓝色、天蓝色、绿蓝色等。如果含较多的方解石时呈条纹状白色,含黄铁矿时就在蓝底上呈显现色星点,带有闪光,青金石的名字的“金”由此得名。青金石呈玻璃光泽和蜡状光泽,条痕浅蓝色,半透明至不透明。均质体,折光率1.5,双折射率0.010。硬度5-6,纯青金石密度2.38-2.45g/cm3,一般青金石玉料2.7-2.9g/cm3。解理不发育,断口参差状。在长波紫外光照射下发橙色点光,在短波紫外线照射下发白色荧光。滤色镜下呈淡红色,所含方解石遇盐酸缓慢溶解。 青金石主要由青金石、方解石和黄铁矿组成。 青金石
青金石是由接触交代变质作用形成,主要赋存于硅酸盐-镁质矽卡岩中和钙质矽卡岩中。青金石的主要产地有阿富汗、智利、前苏联、加拿大等国。中国至今未发现青金石矿床。青金石,其工艺名称为“青金”。青金石的波斯语称“拉术哇尔”,阿拉伯语和“拉术尔”,印度语称“雷及哇尔”,音均谐“ 琳”或“琉璃”。所以,一些中外学者都认为中国古代的“流璃”、“硫璃”或“琉璃”,都是指的青金石。不过,我们也应该注意到,在我国古代,人们辨别玉石是从颜色上而不注重其质地,颜色相似的虽其质地有差别,但其名称仍然可以相同,所以,我们不能说凡是古代的“ 琳”或“琉璃”就一定是青金石,因为它们往往也兼指了其他青色或绿色的玉石或宝石。青金石,其玉料是由青金石矿物构成的,通常含有方解石、黄铁矿,有时也出现少量的透辉石等。不透明,为玻璃至油脂光泽。其硬度为5.5,比重是2.7- 2.9。青金石拥有独特的蓝色、深蓝、淡蓝及浅青色等,按其颜色的不同及可分为:青金枣色深蓝和浓而而不黑者;金格浪枣深蓝和黄铁矿含量多于青金石矿物者;催生石枣浅蓝色和含白色方解石者,因源程序于古人用此石作催生药之说而得名。在我国古代,入葬青金石有:“以其色青,此以达升天之路故用之”的说法,多被用来制做皇帝的葬器。青金石是我国自古以来进口的传统玉料,其多数来源于阿富汗。 青金石佛珠
青金石早在6000年前即被中亚国家开发使用。我国则始于西汉时期,当时的名称是“兰赤”、“金螭”、“点黛”等。自明清以来,青金石“色相如天”,天为上,因此明清帝王重青金石。现在保存在故宫博物院的两万余件清宫藏玉中,青金石雕刻品不及百件。好的青金石颜色深蓝纯正,无裂纹、质地细腻,无方解石杂质。不含金星(黄铁矿)或带有很漂亮的金星均为上品。青金石的硬度5至6,呈玻璃状光泽而略带油脂性。世界上著名的青金石产地有阿富汗、智利、前苏联和加拿大等地。但首推阿富汗。阿国所产青金石有着均匀的深蓝至天蓝色,极细粒的隐晶结构中夹杂微量的黄铁矿,使其在阳光照射之下精光生辉。青金石被阿拉伯穆斯林国家呼之为“瑰宝”。青金石既可作玉雕,又可制首饰。我国的青金石雕刻工艺一流,尤其是建国以的后,北京玉器厂制作的青金石摆件、山子、挂坠、首饰等出口海外。目前阿富汗境内战火不断,使原料进口都十分艰难。
lapis
Lapis (Lapis lazuli, English: come from Latin), in ancient China called Qiu elim, gold refined, jin yu, and Diane, etc. Buddhist called from its janus barking or colored glaze. Belong to one of the buddhist shippo. The stone jas "cloud:" lapis lazuli hue as day, or after JinXie messy, bright, if the stars in the day's ". So ancient Chinese usually use lapis lazuli as god majesty of noble symbol. Lapis lazuli on the choice to the color and luster is even no crack, quality of a material is exquisite and have beautiful Venus is preferred, if pyrite content is low, doesn't appear on the surface of Venus will not affect quality. But if the dark, dark hair colour and lustre Venus, or much more content in the surface of the area of the blaze, the value is reduced greatly.
Lapis (English Lapis lazuli:)
Lapis lazuli display (9 sheets) is a relatively rare gem, a blue lapis lazuli artifact often are precious. Lapis lazuli stone of sodium is a square blue varieties. Green ShiSe gold is ZhongYaoShi Tibetan Buddhism's body color, often wear can bless peace health, trouble-free. Our country modern famous geologist ZhangHongZhao in "the stone in his book wrote" lapis lazuli hue as day, or after JinXie messy, light rays, if the stars in the beautiful day also." So the ancients honour lapis for "day stone", used in ritual day treasure. The qing reign figure exam "say:" the emperor with the act, in the temple of heaven with lapis lazuli." The English name for Lapis Lazuli Lapis Lazuli, Lapis Lazuli from Latin, the former means of stones, the latter refers to the blue (gem). Its handicraft called "green gold", called "golden", the "point Diane" or "debir coloured glaze". Lapis lazuli is not a transparent or translucent blue, violet or blue-green semi-precious stones. Lapis lazuli of frame shape structure of sodium silicate mineral stone family party, chemical formulas for (Na, Ca) 4 to 8 (AlSiO4) 6 (SO4, S, Cl) 1-2. Of the equiaxial crystal department. Crystal diamond twelve face body in shape, a dense collection lump, structure. Color is dark blue, violet blue, blue, green, and blue, etc. If contains more calcite with pin-stripe white, including pyrite in a blue background when a star appeared on color, with flash, lapis lazuli name "gold" hence the name. Lapis lazuli is vitreous burnish and wax shape burnish, stripe is shallow blue, translucent to opaque. All bodies, the refractive indexes, 1.5, double refractive index of 0.010. Hardness 5-6, pure lapis lazuli density 2.38-2.45 g/cm3, general green JinShiYu material 2.7 2.9 g/cm3. There are no development, fracture varies shape. In the long issued by uv irradiation orange point light, and in short wave ultraviolet ray issued a white fluorescent. Under the filter was pink, contained in slowly dissolve calcite hydrochloric acid. Lapis lazuli mainly by lapis, calcite and pyrite composition. lapis
Lapis lazuli is made by the contact metamorphism form, mainly occur in Portland-magnesia skarns and calcium skarns. The main producing area of lapis lazuli have Afghanistan, Chile, the former Soviet union, Canada and other countries. China has not found lapis lazuli ore deposits. Lapis lazuli, its process name for "green gold". Lapis lazuli of the Persian language say "pull art wow's", Arabic and "pull, art," Hindi said "ray and wow,", sounds are harmonic "Lin" or "coloured glaze". So, some Chinese and foreign scholars think that China's ancient "flow out of glass," "s out of glass" or "coloured glaze", is refers to the lapis lazuli. However, we should also note that, in ancient China, people to distinguish from color jade and does not pay attention to the quality of a material, color of the quality of a material is similar, there are differences, but the name can still the same, so, we can't say that all the ancient "Lin" or "coloured glaze" must be lapis lazuli, because they also often and pointed to the other green or green jade or precious stones. Lapis lazuli, the jade expected by lapis lazuli mineral formations, usually contains calcite, pyrite, sometimes also appeared a small amount of through pyroxene, etc. Opaque, for glass to oil sheen. Its hardness is 5.5, the proportion is 2.7 2.9. Lapis lazuli unique blue, light blue and dark blue, shallow blue, etc, in its color is different and can be pided into: green gold dates color dark blue and thick and not black people; JinGe wave date dark blue and pyrite content YuQing more of the minerals; Ecbolic stone dates light blue and white containing the calcite, because the source program with the stone from the ancient people for drug has said the name. In ancient China, feted lapis lazuli: "with the color green, the road of the ascension to reach it with that of, is used to make the emperor was buried device. Lapis lazuli is China since ancient times the import of traditional jade expected, the most from Afghanistan. Lapis lazuli beads
Lapis lazuli as early as 6000 years ago, it was developed using central Asian countries. Our country it began in western han dynasty, at that time is the name of the "LanChi", "golden chi", the "point Diane", etc. Since the Ming and qing dynasties, lapis lazuli "hue as the days", the day for on, the Ming and qing emperors so heavy lapis lazuli. Now keep in the Palace Museum's twenty thousand more than a hidden in qing jade, lapis lazuli sculpture less than pieces. Good lapis lazuli deep blue color pure, no crack, quality of a material is exquisite, no calcite impurities. Do not contain Venus (pyrite) or with a beautiful Venus are for top grade. The hardness of lapis lazuli 5 to 6, a glass shape burnish with grease of. The world famous lapis lazuli origin have Afghanistan, Chile, the former Soviet union and Canada, etc. But first Afghanistan. In the kingdom, lapis lazuli with equal to the deep blue sky blue, very fine grains of crystal structure hidden amid the traces of the pyrite, make its are under sunlight off brightness. Arab Muslim countries lapis lazuli was called for "treasure". Lapis lazuli can both be jade carving, and making jewelry. China's lapis lazuli sculpture craft first-class, especially with the founding of Beijing, after made of jade factory lapis lazuli furnishing articles, hang dropping, dashanzi, jewelry and other export overseas. At present Afghanistan war constantly, make raw material imports were very difficult.