翻译成汉语的主动句
将英语中的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构时，往往可以分成以下几种不同的情况。
① 保留英语原句中的主语。
例如：
1）All the tickets had been sold out when they arrived.
当他们到达时，所有的票都售完了。
2）Theatre will be reinvented and become much freer and more imaginative.
戏剧将脱胎换骨，变得更为自由，更富想象力。
3）Nuclear power’s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.
核能对健康、安全、甚至对生命本身所构成的危险可以用一个词来概括：辐射。
② 将主语翻译为宾语。
在动作发出者不言自明或难以言明时，英语常用被动句。而汉语在这种情况下，往往需要添加“有人”、“大家”、“别人”、“人们”之类的泛称主语。例如：
1）I was told not to trust what I read in the newspaper.
有人告诉我不要相信报纸上的消息。
2）It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.
可能有人会指出，无线电广播同样也能做到这一点，但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。
3）It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.
人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。
另外，下列的一些结构也可以通过这种方式进行翻译：
It is asserted that…有人主张……
It is believed that…有人认为……
It is generally considered that…大家(一般人)认为……
It is well known that…大家知道(众所周知)……
It will be said…有人会说……
It was told that…有人曾经说……
③ 将介词短语的宾语译成主语。
如果英语的被动句中包含by, in, for等引导的作状语的介词短语，一般可以将介词的宾语翻译成译文的主语，英语原句中的主语则一般需要翻译成宾语。例如：
1）A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.
原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。
2）By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.
大战结束时，这个组织拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。
3）Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by human beings.
现在，人类仅能利用一小部分的太阳能。
④ 译成汉语的无主句。
例如：
1）Great efforts should be made to inform young people the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit of smoking.
应该尽最1大努力告诫年轻人吸烟上瘾后的可怕后果。
2）By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.
通过这种方法分析发现，不同种类的蜂蜜对热的敏感程度也极为不同。
3）Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.
在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具，其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了。
另外，下列的一些结构也可以通过这种方式进行翻译：
It is hoped that…希望……
It is reported that…据报道……
It is said that…据说……
It must be admitted that…必须承认……
It must be pointed out that…必须指出……
It will be seen from this that…由此可见……
⑤ 译成带表语的主动句。
例如：
1）The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
进攻的决定不是轻易做出的。
2）The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.
美国的学分制是1872年首先在哈佛大学实施的。
3）The manuscript was sent to the printer in London a few weeks before the Revolution.
手稿是在革命前几周寄往伦敦付印的。
反译：在不少情况下，有的介词短语如不从反面着笔，译文就不通，这时必须反译。如：
①beyond， past，against等表示超过某限度的能力或反对……时，其短语有时用反译法。如：
Radio telescopes have been able to probe space beyond the range of ordinary optical telescopes.射电望远镜已能探测普通光学望远镜达不到的宇宙空间。
②off， from等表示地点，距离时，有时有反译法。如：
The boat sank off the coast.这只船在离海岸不远处沉没了。
③but，except，besides等表示除去、除外时，有时用反译法。
Copper is the best conductor but silver.铜是仅次于银的最1优导体。
The mdelecular formula， C6H14， does not show anything except the total number of carbon and hydrogen atoms.分子式C6H14只用来表示碳原子和氢原子的总数。
④from，in等介词短语作补足语时，有时用反译法。如：
An iron case will keep the Earths magnetic field away from the compass.铁箱能使地球磁场影响不了指南针。
The signal was shown about the machine being order.信号表明机器设有毛病。
“一个词脱离上下文是不能翻译的”（索伯列夫），没有上下文就没有词义。介词的翻译须
