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直观法直观法是根据电器故障的外部表现，通过看、闻、听等手段，检查、判定故障的方法。
（1）检查步骤：调查情况：向操作者和故障在场人员询问情况，包括故障外部表现、大致部位、发生故障时环境情况。如有无异常气体、明火、热源是否*近电器、有无腐蚀性气体侵入、有无漏水，是否有人修理过，修理的内容等等。初步检查：根据调查的情况，看有关电器外部有无损坏、连线有无断路、松动，绝缘有无烧焦，螺旋熔断器的熔断指示器是否跳出，电器有无进水、油垢，开关位置是否正确等。试车：通过初步检查，确认有会使故障进一步扩大和造成人身、设备事故后，可进一步试车检查，试车中要注重有无严重跳火、异常气味、异常声音等现象，一经发现应立即停车，切断电源。注重检查电器的温升及电器的动作程序是否符合电气设备原理图的要求，从而发现故障部位。
（2）检查方法：观察火花：电器的触点在闭合、分断电路或导线线头松动时会产生火花，因此可以根据火花的有无、大小等现象来检查电器故障。例如，正常紧固的导线与螺钉间发现有火花时，说明线头松动或接触不良。电器的触点在闭合、分断电路时跳火说明电路通，不跳火说明电路不通。控制电动机的接触器主触点两相有火花、一相无火花时，表明无火花的一相触点接触不良或这一相电路断路；三相中两相的火花比正常大，别一相比正常小，可初步判定为电动机相间短路或接地；三相火花都比正常大，可能是电动机过载或机械部分卡住。在辅助电路中，接触器线圈电路通电后，衔铁不吸合，要分清是电路断路还是接触器机械部分卡住造成的。可按一下启动按钮，如按钮常开触点闭合位置断开时有稍微的火花，说明电路通路，故障在接触器的机械部分；如触点间无火花，说明电路是断路。动作程序：电器的动作程序应符合电气说明书和图纸的要求。如某一电路上的电器动作过早、过晚或不动作，说明该电路或电器有故障。另外，还可以根据电器发出的声音、温度、压力、气味等分析判定故障。运用直观法，不但可以确定简单的故障，还可以把较复杂的故障缩小到较小的范围。
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