使用生物显微镜进行观测时都需要用到光源和滤光片。其中，FISH滤光片、TIRF滤光片、Raman滤光片和激光专用滤光片属于对光学参数要求较高的滤光片，相比普通的滤光片，FISH、TIRF、Raman滤光片具有更高的透过率，更大的阻挡深度或更窄的透过光谱。
不同种类的滤光片用于不同的显微镜。普通荧光滤光片一般用于荧光显微镜，激光专用滤光片用于激光作为光源的显微镜，例如激光扫描共聚焦荧光显微镜（LSCM），全内反射滤光片（TIRF）用于全内反射荧光显微镜（TIRFM），拉曼滤光片用于拉曼成像（Raman），全内反射荧光片用于荧光原位杂交分析（FISH）。因此，选择滤光片首先是基于具体应用和显微镜的类型。
一、显微镜的类型
荧光显微镜(Fluorescence microscope)
荧光显微镜是以紫外线为光源， 用以照射被检物体， 使之发出荧光， 然后在显微镜下观察物体的形状及其所在位置。荧光显微镜用于研究细胞内物质的吸收、运输、化学物质的分布及定位等。 细胞中有些物质，如叶绿素等，受紫外线照射后可发荧光；另有一些物质本身虽不能发荧光，但如果用荧光染料或荧光抗体染色后，经紫外线照射亦可发荧光，荧光显微镜就是对这类物质进行定性和定量研究的工具之一。
激光扫描共聚焦荧光显微镜(laser scanning confocal microscopy,LSCM)
测针孔和光源针孔始终聚焦于同一点，使聚焦平面以外被激发的荧光不能进入检测针孔。
激光共聚焦的工作原理简单表达就是它采用激光为光源，在传统荧光显微镜成像的基础上，附加了激光扫描装置和共轭聚焦装置，通过计算机控制来进行数字化图像采集和处理的系统。
TIRFM 全内反射荧光显微镜
全内角反射荧光显微镜（total internal reflection fluorescence microscope，TIRFM），利用光线全反射后在介质另一面产生衰逝波的特性，激发荧光分子以观察荧光标定样品的极薄区域，观测的动态范围通常在200 nm以下。因为激发光呈指数衰减的特性，只有极靠近全反射面的样本区域会产生荧光反射，大大降低了背景光噪声干扰观测标的，能帮助研究者获得高质量的成像质量和可靠的观测数据。故此项技术广泛应用于细胞表面物质的动态观察。
二、Chroma公司 FISH、TIRF、Raman滤光片的定义 滤波片的定义
TIRF滤光片
利用倏逝波观测样品表面极窄深度范围内的区域，具有很高的信噪比。
Raman滤光片
用于观测拉曼光谱现象，一般要求激发滤光片具有极窄的宽度。
ND滤光片
中性灰度镜（neutral density filter）又叫中灰密度镜，简称ND镜，其作用是过滤光线。这种滤光作用是非选择性的，也就是说，ND镜对各种不同波长的光线的减少能力是同等的、均匀的，只起到减 弱光线的作用，而对原物体的颜色不会产生任何影响，因此可以真实再现景物的反差。
FISH滤光片
荧光原位杂交技术（Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH）是根据已知微生物不同分类级别上种群特异的DNA序列，以利用荧光标记的特异寡聚核苷酸片段作为探针，与环境基因组中DNA分子杂交，检测该特异微生物种群的存在与丰度。
NF滤光片
陷波滤光片，通常也被称作带阻或者带抑制滤光片。它可以透过绝大多数波长，但是将特定波长范围内（阻带）的光衰减到非常低的水平。拉曼光谱用。
荧光滤光片型号 | 滤光片类型 | 滤光片说明 注释（燃料，长通或短通） |
Blue-27M | AS | 27mm diameter, mounted in 1.25" threaded ring |
Ha/8-27M | AS | 27mm diameter, mounted in 1.25" threaded ring |
Lum-27M | AS | 27mm diameter, mounted in 1.25" threaded ring |
Red-27M | AS | 27mm diameter, mounted in 1.25" threaded ring |
Green-27M | AS | 27mm diameter, mounted in 1.25" threaded ring |
Ha/8-31 | AS | 31mm diameter, unmounted |
Red-31 | AS | 31mm diameter, unmounted |
Blue-31 | AS | 31mm diameter, unmounted |
Green-31 | AS | 31mm diameter, unmounted |
Lum-31 | AS | 31mm diameter, unmounted |
Lum-36 | AS | 36mm diameter, unmounted |
Green-36 | AS | 36mm diameter, unmounted |
Blue-36 | AS | 36mm diameter, unmounted |
Red-36 | AS | 36mm diameter, unmounted |
Ha/8-36 | AS | 36mm diameter, unmounted |
Red-50 | AS | 50mm diameter, unmounted |
Lum-50 | AS | 50mm diameter, unmounted |
Ha/8-50 | AS | 50mm diameter, unmounted |
Green-50 | AS | 50mm diameter, unmounted |
Green-50S | AS | 50mm x 50mm, square |
Blue-50S | AS | 50mm x 50mm, square |
Ha/8-50S | AS | 50mm x 50mm, square |
Lum-50S | AS | 50mm x 50mm, square |
Red-50S | AS | 50mm x 50mm, square |
Ha/8-65S | AS | 65mm x 65mm, square |
Red-65S | AS | 65mm x 65mm, square |
Lum-65S | AS | 65mm x 65mm, square |
Blue-65S | AS | 65mm x 65mm, square |
Green-65S | AS | 65mm x 65mm, square |
Green-27M | AS | 27mm diameter, mounted in 1.25" threaded ring |
Red-27M | AS | 27mm diameter, mounted in 1.25" threaded ring |
Lum-27M | AS | 27mm diameter, mounted in 1.25" threaded ring |
Blue-27M | AS | 27mm diameter, mounted in 1.25" threaded ring |
Lum-31 | AS | 31mm diameter, unmounted |
Green-31 | AS | 31mm diameter, unmounted |
Blue-31 | AS | 31mm diameter, unmounted |
Red-31 | AS | 31mm diameter, unmounted |
Red-36 | AS | 36mm diameter, unmounted |
Blue-36 | AS | 36mm diameter, unmounted |
Lum-36 | AS | 36mm diameter, unmounted |
Green-36 | AS | 36mm diameter, unmounted |
Green-50 | AS | 50mm diameter, unmounted |
Lum-50 | AS | 50mm diameter, unmounted |
Red-50 | AS | 50mm diameter, unmounted |
Red-50S | AS | 50mm x 50mm, square |
Lum-50S | AS | 50mm x 50mm, square |
Green-50S | AS | 50mm x 50mm, square |
Blue-50S | AS | 50mm x 50mm, square |
Green-65S | AS | 65mm x 65mm, square |
Blue-65S | AS | 65mm x 65mm, square |
Red-65S | AS | 65mm x 65mm, square |
Lum-65S | AS | 65mm x 65mm, square |
HQ493/16x | EX | Spectrum Green™ |
HQ527/30m | EM | Spectrum Green™ |
Q507lp | BS | Spectrum Green™ |
HQ548/20x | EX | Spectrum Orange™ |
HQ580/14m | EM | Spectrum Orange™ |
Q565lp-AR | BS | Spectrum Orange™ |
400dclp-AR | BS | DAPI |
D470/40m-AR | EM | DAPI |
AT350/50x | EX | DAPI |
HQ522/40m | EM | FITC |
Q497lp | BS | FITC |
HQ471/39x | EX | FITC |
Q557lp | BS | Cy3™ v1 |
HQ567/15m | EM | Cy3™ v1 |
HQ546/11x | EX | Cy3™ v1 |
HQ565/18m | EM | Cy3™ v2 |
HQ530/30x | EX | Cy3™ v2 |
Q553lp | BS | Cy3™ v2 |
Q593lp | BS | Cy3.5™ v1 |
HQ581/10x | EX | Cy3.5™ v1 |
HQ617/40m | EM | Cy3.5™ v1 |
HQ617/40m | EM | Cy3.5™ v2 |
HQ580/13x | EX | Cy3.5™ v2 |
Q593lp | BS | Cy3.5™ v2 |
Q647lp | BS | Cy5™ v1 |
HQ622/36x | EX | Cy5™ v1 |
HQ667/30m | EM | Cy5™ v1 |
HQ667/30m | EM | Cy5™ v2 |
HQ630/20x | EX | Cy5™ v2 |
Q649lp | BS | Cy5™ v2 |
Q697lp | BS | Cy5.5™ |
HQ682/12x | EX | Cy5.5™ |
HQ721/42m | EM | Cy5.5™ |
HQ740/35x | EX | Cy7™ |
HQ795/50m | EM | Cy7™ |
Q765lp | BS | Cy7™ |
Q615lp | BS | Texas Red® |
HQ631/23m | EM | Texas Red® |
HQ602/13x | EX | Texas Red® |
HQ782/20x | EX | Laser-Pro |
HQ817/25m | EM | Laser-Pro |
Q800lp | BS | Laser-Pro |
ET460/50m | EM | ET - 405nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/20x | EX | ET - 405nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZT405rdc | BS | ET - 405nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET425lp | EM | ET - 405nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET460lp | EM | ET - 440nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZET436/20x | EX | ET - 440nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZT442rdc | BS | ET - 440nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET480/40m | EM | ET - 440nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZT442rdc | BS | ET - 440nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET500/40m | EM | ET - 440nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZET436/20x | EX | ET - 440nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET460lp | EM | ET - 440nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZT488rdc | BS | ET - 488nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET500lp | EM | ET - 488nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET525/50m | EM | ET - 488nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZET488/10x | EX | ET - 488nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZT514rdc | BS | ET - 514nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZET514/10x | EX | ET - 514nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET545/40m | EM | ET - 514nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET525lp | EM | ET - 514nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET542lp | EM | ET - 532nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET575/50m | EM | ET - 532nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZT532rdc | BS | ET - 532nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZET532/10x | EX | ET - 532nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZET532/10x | EX | ET - 532nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZT532rdc | BS | ET - 532nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET590/50m | EM | ET - 532nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET542lp | EM | ET - 532nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZET561/10x | EX | ET - 561nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZT561rdc | BS | ET - 561nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET600/50m | EM | ET - 561nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET575lp | EM | ET - 561nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET575lp | EM | ET - 561nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZT561rdc | BS | ET - 561nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZET561/10x | EX | ET - 561nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET630/75m | EM | ET - 561nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZT594rdc | BS | ET - 594nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET645/75m | EM | ET - 594nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZET594/10x | EX | ET - 594nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET610lp | EM | ET - 594nm Laser Bandpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET655lp-TRF | EM | ET - 633-640nm Laser Longpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZET635/20x | EX | ET - 633-640nm Laser Longpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZT640rdc | BS | ET - 633-640nm Laser Longpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZET642/20x | EX | ET - 640-647nm Laser Longpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZT647rdc | BS | ET - 640-647nm Laser Longpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET665lp | EM | ET - 640-647nm Laser Longpass Set for TIRF applications |
ET705/72m | EM | ET - 640-647nm Laser Longpass Set for TIRF applications |
ZT405/488rpc | BS | ET – 405/488nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488x | EX | ET – 405/488nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488m-TRF | EM | ET – 405/488nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488x | EX | ET – 405/488nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488m | EM | ET – 405/488nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT405/488rpc | BS | ET – 405/488nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET450/50m | EM | ET – 405/488nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET525/50m | EM | ET – 405/488nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET442/514m-TRF | EM | ET – 442/514nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT442/514rpc | BS | ET – 442/514nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET442/514x | EX | ET – 442/514nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET442/514x | EX | ET – 442/514nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT442/514rpc | BS | ET – 442/514nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET442/514m | EM | ET – 442/514nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET545/40m | EM | ET – 442/514nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET480/40m | EM | ET – 442/514nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET442/532x | EX | ET – 442/532nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT442/532rpc | BS | ET – 442/532nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET442/532m-TRF | EM | ET – 442/532nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET585/65m | EM | ET – 442/532nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT442/532rpc | BS | ET – 442/532nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET442/532x | EX | ET – 442/532nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET442/532m | EM | ET – 442/532nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET500/40m | EM | ET – 442/532nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET488/561x | EX | ET – 488/561nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET488/561m-TRF | EM | ET – 488/561nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT488/561rpc | BS | ET – 488/561nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT488/561rpc | BS | ET – 488/561nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET610/75m | EM | ET – 488/561nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET488/561m | EM | ET – 488/561nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET488/561x | EX | ET – 488/561nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET525/50m | EM | ET – 488/561nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET488/594x | EX | ET – 488/594nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT488/594rpc | BS | ET – 488/594nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET488/594m-TRF | EM | ET – 488/594nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT488/594rpc | BS | ET – 488/594nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET488/594m | EM | ET – 488/594nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET488/594x | EX | ET – 488/594nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET645/75m | EM | ET – 488/594nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET525/50m | EM | ET – 488/594nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET488/640x | EX | ET – 488/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT488/640rpc | BS | ET – 488/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET488/640m-TRF | EM | ET – 488/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT488/640rpc | BS | ET – 488/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET488/640m | EM | ET – 488/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET488/640x | EX | ET – 488/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET655lp | EM | ET – 488/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET525/50m | EM | ET – 488/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET532/640x | EX | ET – 532/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT532/640rpc | BS | ET – 532/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET532/640m-TRF | EM | ET – 532/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET585/65m | EM | ET – 532/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT532/640rpc | BS | ET – 532/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET532/640x | EX | ET – 532/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET532/640m | EM | ET – 532/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET655lp | EM | ET – 532/640nm Laser Dual Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/561x | EX | ET - PALM Dual Band Emission Set for 488/561nm TIRF applications with 405nm excitation |
ZT405/488/561rpc | BS | ET - PALM Dual Band Emission Set for 488/561nm TIRF applications with 405nm excitation |
ET575lp | EM | ET - PALM Dual Band Emission Set for 488/561nm TIRF applications with 405nm excitation |
ZET488/561m | EM | ET - PALM Dual Band Emission Set for 488/561nm TIRF applications with 405nm excitation |
ET525/50m | EM | ET - PALM Dual Band Emission Set for 488/561nm TIRF applications with 405nm excitation |
ZT405/488/561rpc | BS | ET - 405/488/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/561x | EX | ET - 405/488/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/561m-TRF | EM | ET - 405/488/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/561m | EM | ET - 405/488/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/561x | EX | ET - 405/488/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT405/488/561rpc | BS | ET - 405/488/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET575lp | EM | ET - 405/488/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET450/50m | EM | ET - 405/488/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET525/50m | EM | ET - 405/488/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/594x | EX | ET - 405/488/594nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT405/488/594rpc | BS | ET - 405/488/594nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/594m-TRF | EM | ET - 405/488/594nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT405/488/594rpc | BS | ET - 405/488/594nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/594x | EX | ET - 405/488/594nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/594m | EM | ET - 405/488/594nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET535/70m | EM | ET - 405/488/594nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET450/50m | EM | ET - 405/488/594nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET645/75m | EM | ET - 405/488/594nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET442/514/561x | EX | ET - 442/514/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT442/514/561rpc | BS | ET - 442/514/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET442/514/561m-TRF | EM | ET - 442/514/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET540/30m | EM | ET - 442/514/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT442/514/561rpc | BS | ET - 442/514/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET442/514/561m | EM | ET - 442/514/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET442/514/561x | EX | ET - 442/514/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET575lp | EM | ET - 442/514/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET480/40m | EM | ET - 442/514/561nm Laser Triple Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT405/488/561/640rpc | BS | ET - 405/488/561/640nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/561/640x | EX | ET - 405/488/561/640nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/561/640m-TRF | EM | ET - 405/488/561/640nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET450/50m | EM | ET - 405/488/561/640nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET525/50m | EM | ET - 405/488/561/640nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/561/640m | EM | ET - 405/488/561/640nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT405/488/561/640rpc | BS | ET - 405/488/561/640nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/561/640x | EX | ET - 405/488/561/640nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET655lp | EM | ET - 405/488/561/640nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET595/50m | EM | ET - 405/488/561/640nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT405/488/561/647rpc | BS | ET - 405/488/561/647nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/561/647x | EX | ET - 405/488/561/647nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/561/647m-TRF | EM | ET - 405/488/561/647nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET700/50m | EM | ET - 405/488/561/647nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/561/647m | EM | ET - 405/488/561/647nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZET405/488/561/647x | EX | ET - 405/488/561/647nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ZT405/488/561/647rpc | BS | ET - 405/488/561/647nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET450/50m | EM | ET - 405/488/561/647nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET525/50m | EM | ET - 405/488/561/647nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
ET605/52m | EM | ET - 405/488/561/647nm Laser Quad Band Set for TIRF applications |
